WHAT IS THE FINANCIAL AND STOCK MARKET?

FINANCIAL MARKET Financial markets refer broadly to any marketplace where the trading of securities occurs, including the stock market, bond market, forex market, and derivatives market, among others. Financial markets are vital to the smooth operation of capitalist economies. A financial market is a market in which people trade financial securities and derivatives at low transaction costs. Some of the securities include stocks and bonds, raw materials and precious metals, which are known in the financial markets as commodities. The term "market" is sometimes used for what are more strictly exchanges, organizations that facilitate the trade in financial securities, e.g., a stock exchange or commodity exchange. This may be a physical location (such as the NYSE (New York Stock Exchange), LSE (LANDON STOCK EXCHANGE), JSE (JOHANNESBURG STOCK EXCHANGE), BSE (BOMBAY STOCK EXCHANGE)) or an electronic system (such as NASDAQ). Much trading of stocks takes place on an exchange; still, corporate actions (merger, spinoff) are outside an exchange, while any two companies or people, for whatever reason, may agree to sell stock from the one to the other without using an exchange. Trading of currencies and bonds is largely on a bilateral basis, although some bonds trade on a stock exchange, and people are building electronic systems for these as well, to stock exchanges. There are also global initiatives such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 10 which has a target to improve regulation and monitoring of global financial markets.                 TYPES OF FINANCIAL MARKET 1.CAPITAL MARKET: A capital market is a financial market in which long-term debt (over a year) or equity-backed securities are bought and sold. Capital markets channel the wealth of savers to those who can put it to long-term productive use, such as companies or governments making long-term investments. ·  STOCK MARKET: A stock market, equity market or share market is the aggregation of buyers and sellers of stocks, which represent ownership claims on businesses. ·   BOND MARKET: The bond market (also debt market or credit market) is a financial market where participants can issue new debt, known as the primary market, or buy and sell debt securities, known as the secondary market. This is usually in the form of bonds, but it may include notes, bills, and so on. 2. COMMODITY MARKET: A commodity market is a market that trades in the primary economic sector rather than manufactured products, such as cocoa, fruit and sugar.  Hard commodities are mined, such as gold and oil. Futures contracts are the oldest way of investing in commodities. Futures are secured by physical assets. 3. MONEY MARKET: The money market refers to trading in very short-term debt investments. At the wholesale level, it involves large-volume trades between institutions and traders. At the retail level, it includes money market mutual funds bought by individual investors and money market accounts opened by bank customers. 4.derivatives market: The derivatives market is the financial market for derivatives, financial instruments like futures contracts or options, which are derived from other forms of assets. The market can be divided into two, that for exchange-traded derivatives and that for over-the-counter derivatives. NOTE: [Mainly, we are read about the first market (CAPITAL MARKETS)]                             SHARE MARKET Come, let us talk about share market. What is share market? Why is it in place? how does it work? What are its advantages and disadvantages? And how you invest money in it. What is share market? Stock market, share market and equity market-all three mean the same. These are market where you can buy or sell a company’s shares. Buying shares of a company means buying some percentage of ownership of that company. That is, you become the holder of a percentage of that company. If that company make a profile some percentage of that profit would also be given to you. If that company incurs a loss, a percentage of that loss would also be borne by you. Telling you example of this on the smallest scale presume you have to establish a startup. You have 10,000 rupees but that not enough .so, you go to your friend and tell him to invest another 10,000 rupees and offer him a 50-50 partnership. So, whatever your company profits in future 50% of it would by your 50%of it would be your friend’s.in this case, you’ve given 50% of the share to your friend in this company. The same thing happens on a larger scale in the stock market. The only difference being, instead of going to your friend you go to the entire world. And invite them to buy shares in your company. HISTORY AND PURPOSE OF SHARES The origin of share markets dates to around 400 years ago. Around the 1600s, there was Dutch east India company, like the British east India company, there was a similar company in the country of Netherlands today, known as Dutch east India company. In those times people used to indulge in a lot of exploration using ships.  The entire world map had not yet been discovered so the company is used to send their ships to discover new land & trade with faraway places. The journey used to be of over thousands of kilometers abroad a sheep.  There was a huge amount of money required for this not one person possessed search amounts of money individually in those times. So, they publicly invited people to invest money in their ships.  When these ships would travel long distance to go to others land and come back with treasures from there.  They were promised to a share of these treasures /money eventually. but this was a very risky affair. because during those times, more than half of the ships failed to come back. They got loss, or broke down or got looted. Anything could happen to them.so investors realized the risky nature of this entreprise.so, instead of investing in a single ship, they preferred to invest in 5-6 of them. So that at least one of them had chances of coming back. One ship used to approach multiple investors for money.so, this created somewhat of a share market. There were open biddings of the ships on their docks. Docks are the places where the ships come out from. Gradually, this system became successful because the money crunch faced by the companies. Was supplemented by the common people. And the common people got a chance to earn more money. You must have read in the history books also. About how rich the English east India company became during those times. Today, each country has its own stock exchange and every country has become greatly dependent upon the stock market. WHAT IS STOCK EXCHANGE? Stock exchange is that place, that building where people buy and sell shares of the companies. The market can be divided into two types- the primary market and the secondary market. Primary market: primary market is where is companies sell their shares. The companies decide what exactly would be their shares prices. Although there is some regulation in this too the companies cannot maneuver too much because a lot of it depends upon the demand. How much prize are the people willing to pay for the company’s shares. If the value of the company is 1 lakh rupees, its sales 1 lakh of its shares and offers shares at rs1 per share. If its demand is high and a lot of people want to buy its shares, the company would obviously be able to sell its shares for a higher price. What the companies do nowadays is decide upon a range. There’s a minimum price and a maximum price. They decide to sell their shares within that range. How many shares can a company have? A point to be noted here is that every share of the company has equal value. It is upon the company to decide how many of its shares it wants to make. If the total value of the company is 1 lakh, then it may make 1 lakh shares of rs1 each, or it may 2lakh shares of 50 paise each. When companies sell their shares in the share markets, it never sells 100% of them. the owner always retains majority of the shares to keep possession of his decision-making power. If you sell the shares, then all the buyers of the shares would become owner of the company. Since they all become owners, they all can take decisions regarding that company. The individually who has more than 50% of the share would be able to make decisions regarding the company. Therefore, the founders of the company prefer to retain more than 50% of the shares. For example, 60% of the shares of Facebook are retained by mark Zuckerberg. The people who have bought shares of the company can sell it to the other people. this is called the secondary market. SECONDARY MARKET: Where people buy and sell shares amongst themselves and trade in share. The companies cannot control the prices of their shares in the secondary market. The share prices fluctuate depending upon the demand and supply of the shares.so the prices of the shares fluctuate depending upon the demand and supply. INDIA’S SOCK EXCHANGE  Almost every big country has its own stock exchange. There are two popular stock exchanges in India. One is the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) which has around 5400 registered companies. The other is the national stock exchange that has 1700 registered companies. With so many companies registered in the stock exchange, if we want to observe, overall, whether the price of the shares of the companies are moving up or down, how do we view this? To measure this, some measurements have been put in place- 1.SENSEX: Sensex shows the average trend of the top thirty companies of the stock exchange. Averaging out, whether the shares of the companies are moving up or down. The full form of Sensex, the sensitivity index, displays the same.  The number of Sensex, that it has reached 40,000 marks. The number itself means not a lot the value of this number can be understood only upon comparison with the past numbers. Because this number has been randomly decided. So, gradually, the Sensex has been rising and it has reached the 44,000 mark in the past 50 years. 2.NIFTY: There is another similar index- NIFTY- National+ Fifty. Nifty shows the price fluctuation of the shares of top 50 companies listed on the National stock Exchange.                                 CONCLUSION A stock exchange is an exchange where traders and stock brokers buy and sell shares of stock, bonds and other securities. It also offers facilities for issue and redemption of securities and other financial instruments. Stock issued by listed companies and unit trusts, bonds and pooled investment products can be traded on a stock exchange. A stock exchange functions as a 'continuous auction' market where transactions are conducted between the buyers and sellers. A stock exchange plays an important role in the economy. It helps to raise capital for business, mobilize savings for investment, facilitates the growth of companies, and enables profit sharing. It assists in creating investment opportunities for small investors, and raising capital for development projects taken up by the government. It acts as a barometer of the economy.

 

Weekly current affairs

Weekly updates                       Technology Updates 1.Echo Frames Amazon tool was upgraded with better audio quality, longer battery, more features like support for calendars and new colors. 2.Instagram update announced they are launching branded content and reels soon and branded content ads in stories people can easily show their content. 3.Apply is planning to launching new privacy feature to iOS to limit ‘invasive, even creepy tracing by third-party firm. 4.India was the largest player base in the world of PUBG after got banned in India on June so karfton sign a deal with Microsoft Azure to host his game.                                    Business Updates 1.IPR-Intellectual property rights and competition lows both encourage innovation and help in human progress RBI Governor D Subbarao said that on Saturday. 2.For like Boris Johnson’s the UK was plans to state to development of bank to help fund and infrastructure project to boost economy. 3.Mukesh Ambani one of the richest business man and the owner of Reliance said that on Saturday that India entered a crucial phase its fight against coronavirus and cannot let the guard down at this juncture. 4.Us president Donald Trump and Asia-Pacific economic cooperation forum are plan to work together free and open non-discriminatory trade.                          Sports Updates 1.Brigid Kosgey and Anabel eyeshine the world record holders for half Marathon add to field for Delhi on Saturday for the upcoming event. 2.The Tokyo Olympics were postponed for eight months ago and new will open on July 23,2021. Hard time is coming. 3.Sports secretary Ravi Mittal announced that the Government launching a fitness app in January next year with the use of app people can take care of their body ad stay fit. 4.Serie A’s 20 club voted unanimously Thursday to accept a 1.7 billion euro offer from a consortium of private equity fund that will charged with sale and TV promotion.                                                                        Worldwide Updates 1.The coronavirus cases have been raised 57 million including 1,376,763 fatalities and many as 40,096,686 report are recorded. 2.On Friday Nov. 13,2020. A suicide car bomb exploded in Afghanistan: 3 dead, 11 injured with this accident. 3.Donald Trump tweet that ‘I WON THE ELECTION' before the announcement of election and day after tweet Joe Biden won rhea election and won White House. 4.Eldest son of Donald Trump was tested positive for the novel coronavirus according to the Trump statement he is quarantined in out of his cabin.

 

Best Diet (Weight Gain and Loss)

 

Best Diet (Weight Gain and Loss)

 

Ø Summary

·      Weight gain and Weigh loss

1.  Weight Gain	2.  Weight Loss
Homemade protein smoothies. Drinking homemade protein smoothies can be a highly nutritious and quick way to gain weight	Intermittent fasting.
Milk. Milk has been used as a weight gainer or muscle builder for decades Rice	Plant-based diets.
Nuts and nut butters.	Low-carb diets.
Red meats.	The paleo diet
Potatoes and starches.	Low-fat diets.
Salmon and oily fish.	The Mediterranean diet.
Protein supplements	The DASH diet(Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension)
Rice	(Weight Watchers)

 

In nutrition, diet is the sum of food consumed by a person or other organism.[1] The word diet often implies the use of specific intake of nutrition for health or weight-management reasons (with the two often being related). Although humans are omnivores, each culture and each person holds some food preferences or some food taboos. This may be due to personal tastes or ethical reasons. Individual dietary choices may be more or less healthy.

Complete nutrition requires ingestion and absorption of vitamins, minerals, essential amino acids from protein and essential fatty acids from fat-containing food, also food energy in the form of carbohydrate, protein, and fat. Dietary habits and choices play a significant role in the quality of life, health and longevity.

Health

A healthy diet may improve or maintain optimal health. In developed countries, affluence enables unconstrained caloric intake and possibly inappropriate food choices.

Health agencies recommend that people maintain a normal weight by limiting consumption of energy-dense foods and sugary drinks, eating plant-based food, limiting consumption of red and processed meat, and limiting alcohol intake.

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans is an evidence-based information source that policy makers and health professionals use to advise the general public about healthy nutrition.

Weight gain

1. Homemade protein smoothies

Drinking homemade protein smoothies can be a highly nutritious and quick way to gain weight.

Making your own smoothies is the best way since commercial versions are often full of sugar and lack nutrients. It also gives you full control over the flavor and nutrient content.

1.     Chocolate banana nut shake

2.     Vanilla berry shake

3.     Chocolate hazelnut shake

4.     Caramel apple shake

5.     Vanilla blueberry shake

2. Milk

We now know that this isn't the case. The creation of low fat and no fat dairy products has further added to the belief that dairy foods are fattening. But research shows that having enough milk, yoghurt and cheese every day, as part of a healthy diet, is not linked to weight gain.

·       Milk Is Packed With Nutrients

1.     Calories: 146.

2.     Protein: 8 grams.

3.     Fat: 8 grams.

4.     Calcium: 28% of the RDA.

5.     Vitamin D: 24% of the RDA.

6.     Riboflavin (B2): 26% of the RDA.

7.     Vitamin B12: 18% of the RDA.

8.     Potassium: 10% of the RDA.

3. Nuts and nut butters

Nut butters can be a good source of healthy fats, proteins, fibre, phytochemicals, vitamins and minerals. Including nut butters in your diet in controlled amounts can also help in keeping cholesterol levels under control. Since nut butters are high in calories, they might lead to unnecessary weight gain.

4. Red meats

Consuming red meat has been shown to help with building muscle and gaining weight. Steak contains both leucine and creatine, nutrients that play a significant role in boosting muscle mass. Steak and other red meats contain both protein and fat, which promote weight gain.

·       Red meats nutrition

An excellent source of high biological value protein, vitamin B12, niacin, vitamin B6, iron, zinc and phosphorus.

A source of long‐chain omega‐3 polyunsaturated fats, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, selenium and, possibly, also vitamin D.

Relatively low in fat and sodium

5. Salmon and oily fish

Like red meat, salmon and oily fish are excellent sources of protein and important healthy fats.

Out of all the nutrients that salmon and oily fish provide, omega-3 fatty acids are among the most significant and well known.

They offer numerous benefits for your health and help fight diseases

·       Salmon and oily fish nutrition

Oily fish such as salmon, mackerel and sardines are said to help against cardiovascular disease, prostate cancer, age-related vision loss and dementia. It's a good source of vitamin D, protein, some B vitamins and selenium. It's also a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids, a type of fat that is good for our health.

Weigh loss

1.   Salmon and oily fish

Men who ate cod, salmon or fish oil decreased from 6.5 to 7.0 kg over eight weeks. The special feature of this study is that it suggests that a diet with lean fish with low omega-3 and high in fish protein gives the same weight loss as a diet rich in fish protein and / or omega-3 fatty acids.

2. Plant-based diets

Plant-based diets may help you lose weight. Vegetarianism and veganism are the most popular versions, which restrict animal products for health, ethical, and environmental reasons.

However, more flexible plant-based diets also exist, such as the flexitarian diet, which is a plant-based diet that allows eating animal products in moderation.

·       How it works:

 There are many types of vegetarianism, but most involve eliminating all meat, poultry, and fish. Some vegetarians may likewise avoid eggs and dairy.

3. Low-carb diets

Low-carb diets are among the most popular diets for weight loss. Examples include the Atkins diet, ketogenic (keto) diet, and low-carb, high-fat (LCHF) diet.

Some varieties reduce carbs more drastically than others. For instance, very-low-carb diets like the keto diet restrict this macronutrient to under 10% of total calories, compared with 30% or less for other types (18Trusted Source).

·       How it works:

Low-carb diets restrict your carb intake in favor of protein and fat.

The Mediterranean diet is based on foods that people in countries like Italy and Greece used to eat.

Though it was designed to lower heart disease risk, numerous studies indicate that it can also aid weight loss (53Trusted Source).

4. The Mediterranean diet

The Mediterranean diet advocates eating plenty of fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, legumes, tubers, whole grains, fish, seafood, and extra virgin olive oil.

Foods such as poultry, eggs, and dairy products are to be eaten in moderation. Meanwhile, red meats are limited.

Additionally, the Mediterranean diet restricts refined grains, trans fats, refined oils, processed meats, added sugar, and other highly processed foods.

5. WW (Weight Watchers)

WW, formerly Weight Watchers, is one of the most popular weight loss programs worldwide.

While it doesn’t restrict any food groups, people on a WW plan must eat within their set daily points to reach their ideal weight (57Trusted Source).

·       How it works:

WW is a points-based system that assigns different foods and beverages a value, depending on their calorie, fat, and fiber contents.

To reach your desired weight, you must stay within your daily point allowance.